| 例句 |
spare adj.
⇨ excess (spare cash) ⇨ free 3 (a spare moment)spare verb
⇨ exempt excess adjective excess ♦︎ spare ♦︎ surplus ♦︎ superfluous ♦︎ leftoverThese words all describe an amount or number that is more than you want or need. 这些词均表示过剩的、多余的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an excess / a surplus amount◆excess / surplus demand / supply◆excess / spare / surplus cash / capacity / energy◆excess / surplus / leftover food ■ excess / /ˈekses/ / [only before noun] more than is necessary, usual or legal 超额的；超出的；过度的◆Excess food is stored as fat.多余的食物化作脂肪贮存起来。◆Driving with excess alcohol in the blood is a serious offence.驾车时血液里酒精含量过高是严重的违法行为。▸ excess noun [uncountable, singular] ◆The drug can be harmful if taken in excess.过量服用这种药可能有害。◆He started drinking to excess after losing his job.他失业后便开始酗酒。◆The increase will not be in excess of (= more than) two per cent.增幅不会超过百分之二。◆Are you suffering from an excess of stress in your life?你生活中的压力是否太大？■ spare [usually before noun] that is not being used or is not needed at the present time; kept in case you need to replace the one you usually use 不用的；闲置的；备用的◆We've got a spare bedroom, if you'd like to stay.要是愿意你就住下，我们有一间空卧室。◆I'm afraid I haven't got any spare cash.抱歉，我手头没有闲钱。◆Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.多带几件衣服，身上弄湿了可以换。■ surplus /ˈsɜːpləs; NAmE ˈsɜːrpləs/ more than is needed or used 过剩的；多余的◆Surplus grain is being sold for export.过剩的谷物正销往国外。◆These items are surplus to requirements (= not needed).这几项不需要。▸ surplus noun [countable, uncountable] ◆ (rather formal) Agricultural surpluses lead to the disposal of thousands of tonnes of food every year.农产品过剩造成每年有数千吨食物被丢弃。◆After meeting domestic needs any surplus will be exported.满足国内需求后所有的剩余产品都销往国外。OPP deficit , shortage ⇨ lack NOTE 辨析 Excess, spare or surplus? Spare is the most informal of these words, and is the one that is most likely to be used in spoken language and everyday contexts. Surplus is often used in business contexts to refer to extra goods or money. 这些词中spare最不正式，最常用于口语和日常语境。surplus常用于商务语境，指剩余商品或资金◆surplus stock / material / products, surplus capital / funds / income / profits剩余库存／材料／产品；剩余资本／资金／收入／利润To talk about an extra amount that is seen as a bad thing, excess is often used. * excess常指不好的事物过多的◆excess body fat / carbon dioxide / baggage过多的体内脂肪／二氧化碳；超重行李 ■ superfluous /suːˈpɜːfluəs, sjuːˈpɜːfluəs; NAmE suːˈpɜːrfluəs/ [not usually before noun] (rather formal) more than you need or want 过多；多余◆She gave him a look that made words superfluous.她看了他一眼，这已表明一切，无须多言了。■ leftover /ˈleftəʊvə(r); NAmE ˈleftoʊvər/ [only before noun] still remaining after you have eaten, drunk or used what you want or need 吃剩的；过剩的；多余的◆Use any leftover meat to make a curry.要是有剩肉就把它做成咖喱菜。ⓘ Leftover is used especially to talk about food, but it can also be used to talk about a supply of other things. * leftover尤用来修饰食物，但也可修饰其他东西◆leftover vegetables / porridge吃剩的蔬菜／粥◆leftover paper / paint / wool剩余的纸张／油漆／毛线 see also leftover ⇨ remains noun 2 free3 adjective a free man 自由人free tickets 免费票Are you free for lunch? 你有空吃午饭吗？free ♦︎ available ♦︎ spareThese words all describe people not having particular plans or arrangements or not being busy. 这些词均表示没有安排活动的、空闲的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆free / available for sth◆free / available to do sth◆free / available / spare time◆a free / spare afternoon / morning / weekend / moment■ free (of a person or time) without particular plans or arrangements; not busy （人或时间）没有安排活动的，空闲的◆If Sarah is free for lunch I'll take her out.要是萨拉有空吃午饭，我就带她出去吃。◆Keep Friday night free for my party.把星期五晚上空出来，参加我的聚会。 see also free time ⇨ leisure ■ available (rather formal) (of a person) free to see or talk to people （人）有空的◆The director was not available for comment.经理没有时间发表意见。■ spare (of time) available to do what you want with rather than work （时间）空闲的，空余的◆I haven't had a spare moment this morning.我今天上午一刻也没闲着。 see also spare time ⇨ leisure exempt verb exempt ♦︎ spare ♦︎ pardon ♦︎ excuse ♦︎ get (sb) off the hook ♦︎ let sb off the hook ♦︎ let sb offThese words all mean to not punish sb for sth they have done wrong, or to give them only a light punishment. 这些词均表示免除惩罚、从轻发落。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to exempt / spare / excuse sb from sth■ exempt / /ɪgˈzempt/ / [transitive] (formal) to give or get sb official permission not to do sth or not to pay sth they would normally have to do or pay 免除；豁免◆In 1983, charities were exempted from paying the tax.1983年慈善机构均免付税款。◆His bad eyesight exempted him from military service.他视力不好，获准免除兵役。▸ exemption noun [uncountable, countable] ◆He applied for exemption from military service.他申请免除兵役。◆The owner was granted an exemption from the law and the painting was exported.油画的所有者被免除了法律责任，油画给卖到了国外。■ spare [transitive, usually passive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (literary) to allow sb/sth to escape harm, damage or death, especially when others do not escape it 饶恕；赦免；放过◆They killed the men but spared the children.他们杀死了大人，但放过了孩子。◆She begged them to spare her life.她求他们饶她一命。◆During the bombing only one house was spared (= was not hit by a bomb).在轰炸中，只有一座房子幸免。■ pardon [transitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) to officially allow sb who has been found guilty of a crime to leave prison and/or avoid punishment 赦免；特赦◆She was pardoned after serving ten years of a life sentence.她被判终身监禁，服刑十年后被赦免了。▸ pardon noun [countable] ◆They were released from prison yesterday as a result of a presidential pardon.因总统特赦，他们昨天出狱了。■ excuse [transitive, usually passive] to give sb permission not to do sth that they would normally have to do 免除；豁免◆She was excused from giving evidence because of her age.她因年龄关系获准不予作证。NOTE 辨析 Exempt or excuse? Exempt is used especially when a whole group of people or organizations is given permission not to do sth, if they fall into a particular category; excuse is used especially when an individual asks for and is given permission not to do sth, because of their particular situation. However, exempt is used about individual people when the subject of the verb is not the person or law that gives permission, but the reason why it is given. * exempt尤指整个群体或多个组织因属于某一类别而获准免除义务，excuse尤指某人因特殊情况经要求获准免除义务。但是exempt表示赦免个人时，其主语并非是准予免责的人或法律，而是某种原因◆His bad eyesight exempted him from military service.他视力不好，获准免除兵役。 ■ get (sb) off the ˈhook■ let sb off the ˈhook idiom (getting, got, got; NAmE spoken getting, got, gotten; letting, let, let)to free yourself or sb else from a difficult situation or a punishment （使）免受处罚，逃脱惩罚◆Perhaps he could get off the hook by saying it was an accident?也许他只要说这是个意外就能脱身？◆Why should I let you off the hook? You stole from my shop!我为什么要放过你？你偷我店里的东西！ⓘ When you get sb off the hook, you arrange things so that they are not punished. When you get off the hook, especially in British English, you manage to avoid punishment yourself. When you let sb off the hook, you decide not to punish them. * get sb off the hook指通过精心安排使某人免受处罚；sb get off the hook指某人自己设法逃脱惩罚，英式英语中尤为如此；let sb off the hook指放过他人不予追究。■ ˌlet sb ˈoff phrasal verb (letting, let, let)to not punish sb for sth they have done wrong, or to give them only a light punishment 不惩罚；放过；从轻处罚◆They let us off lightly.他们对我们从轻发落了。◆She was let off with a warning.她被从轻处罚，只是受了个警告。ⓘ If you let sb off, you do not punish them. If you let sb off lightly/with a warning/with a caution, you only give them a light punishment. * let sb off指不惩罚某人，let sb off lightly/with a warning/with a caution指从轻处罚某人。 |