| 例句 |
public adj.
⇨ public (the public sector) ⇨ common (public transport) ⇨ famous (a public figure) ⇨ social (public opinion)public noun
⇨ community (the general public) ⇨ market 1 (the viewing public) public adjective public ♦︎ state ♦︎ national ♦︎ federalThese words all describe things connected with the government of a country, especially government spending and services. 这些词均表示政府出资或提供服务的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆public / state / national / federal authorities / funding / expenditure / investment◆public / state / federal power / control / regulation / institutions / officials / employees / funds / money / finance / spending◆public / state education / hospitals / enterprise / ownership◆the public / state sector◆the national / federal government■ public [only before noun] connected with the government and the services it provides 政府的；政府提供服务的◆Their tax plans would hit public services.他们的税收计划将对公共服务造成影响。◆There has been massive investment in public housing.已经在公屋项目上投入巨资。◆He spent much of his career in public office (= working for the government).他职业生涯的大部分时间在政府部门工作。ⓘ In the US, Australia, Scotland and some other countries a public school is a free local school paid for by the government; in England this is called a state school. In Britain, especially England, a public school is a private school for young people between the ages of 13 and 18, who often live at the school while they are studying, and whose parents pay for their education. A public company or public limited company (in British English) or public corporation (in American English) is also not owned by the government, but a company that sells shares in itself to the public. However, in British English a public corporation is an organization that is owned by the government and that provides a national service. 在美国、澳大利亚、苏格兰和其他一些国家，public school是由政府拨款的地方免费学校，这类学校在英格兰称为state school。在英国，尤其是英格兰，public school是招收13至18岁学生的私立学校，常为寄宿学校，学费由父母承担。英式英语中的public company或public limited company，和美式英语中的public corporation都不是国有企业，而是向公众出售公司股份的上市公司。但是在英式英语中，public corporation是国有企业，提供公共服务。 OPP private ⓘ A private service or institution is owned or managed by an individual person or an independent company rather than by the government. * private指服务或机构是私有或私营的◆private companies / schools私营公司；私立学校◆a programme to return many of the state companies to private ownership国有企业私有化的计划 ▸ publicly adverb ◆a publicly owned company上市公司■ state [only before noun] provided or controlled by the government 国家提供（或控制）的◆The law applies only to schools within the state system.这条法规只适用于公办学校。◆There needs to be an increase in the basic state pension.由政府拨款的基本养老金需要增加。◆Many local families are dependent on state benefits (= in Britain, government money given to people who are poor).当地许多家庭靠政府的救济金生活。OPP private see also state ⇨ country 1 ■ national [usually before noun] owned, controlled or financially supported by the government 国有的；国立的；国营的◆The collection is housed at the national museum.这批收藏品保存在国家博物馆里。◆The Romanian national airline has ordered seven of the new aircraft.罗马尼亚国家航空公司已经订购了七架这种新飞机。■ federal / /ˈfedərəl/ / connected with national government rather than the local government of an individual state 联邦政府的◆On 15th February a federal judge ruled in their favour.2月15日联邦法官判他们胜诉。◆We will continue federal funding for the arts.我们将继续对艺术给予联邦政府拨款。ⓘ Federal is used about countries, especially the US, which have a system of government in which the individual states of a country have control over their own affairs, but are controlled by a central government for national decisions. * federal表示“联邦制的”，指某些国家，尤其是美国采用的国家结构形式。在这些国家，各州掌管自己的事务，但全国性的决议则由中央政府即联邦政府掌控。▸ federally adverb ◆federally funded health care由联邦政府拨款的医疗保健服务 common adjective common ♦︎ public ♦︎ joint ♦︎ collective ♦︎ popular ♦︎ communal ♦︎ cooperativeThese words all describe sth that is shared by or involves a number of people. 这些词均表示共有的、共享的、公共的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆common / public / joint / collective / communal property◆common / public / communal land◆common / joint / collective / communal ownership / responsibility◆a common / joint / collective / communal / cooperative enterprise◆a joint / collective / communal / cooperative effort◆joint / collective / communal / cooperative action◆a joint / collective / communal decision◆common / collective / popular opinion■ common [usually before noun] shared by or belonging to two or more people or by the people in a group 共有的；共享的；共同的◆They share a common interest in photography.他们在摄影方面兴趣相投。◆This decision was taken for the common good (= the advantage of everyone).作出这个决定是为了共同的利益。◆It is, by common consent, Scotland's prettiest coast (= everyone agrees that it is).这是苏格兰公认的最美的海岸。◆Some basic features are common to all human languages.有些基本特征是所有人类语言共有的。■ public [only before noun] provided, especially by the government, for the use of people in general 公共的；公立的◆ (BrE) There is a desperate need to improve public transport in the city.这座城市亟须改进公共交通。◆ (NAmE) public transportation公共交通◆The information is available in any public library.该信息可以在任何公共图书馆查到。◆He was charged with destroying public property.他被指控破坏公共财产。OPP private ⇨ own ■ joint [only before noun] involving or shared by two or more people together 联合的；共同的◆They were joint owners of the house.他们共同拥有这栋房子。◆We opened a joint account when we got married.我们结婚时开了一个联合账户。◆They divorced two years ago, but he has joint custody of the children (= he shares care of the children with his ex-wife).他们两年前离婚了，但是他对孩子有共同监护权。◆They finished in joint first place.他们获得并列第一。OPP separate ⇨ particular ▸ jointly adverb ◆The event was organized jointly by students and staff.这个活动是师生共同组织的。■ collective / /kəˈlektɪv/ / [usually before noun] done or shared by all members of a group of people; involving a whole group or society; used to refer to all members of a group 集体的；共同的；全体成员的；总称的◆MPs heaved a collective sigh of relief when the news was announced last night.昨晚消息发布时，下院议员一起如释重负地松了口气。◆The austerities of wartime Europe were still fresh in the collective memory (= memories shared by the whole of society).战时欧洲的艰苦生活在公众的集体记忆中仍然鲜活。◆The collective name for mast, boom and sails on a boat is the 'rig'.船的桅杆、帆桁和帆统称为“索具”。OPP individual ⇨ particular ▸ collectively adverb ◆We have had a successful year, both collectively and individually.我们这一年很成功，无论是对集体还是对个人而言。■ popular [only before noun](of ideas, beliefs and opinions) shared by a large number of people （观念、信仰、意见）普遍的，大众的，流行的◆By popular demand, the tour has been extended by two weeks.应大家要求，这次旅行延长了两周。◆Contrary to popular belief, women cause fewer road accidents than men.与普遍的看法相左，女性交通肇事比男性少。▸ popularly adverb ◆a popularly held belief多数人持有的看法■ communal /kəˈmjuːnl, ˈkɒmjənl; NAmE ˈkɑːmjənl/ shared by, or for the use of, a number of people, especially people who live together （尤指居住在一起的人）共享的，共有的，共用的◆As a student I tried communal living for a few years.当学生时我尝试过几年集体生活。◆He led me down the corridor to the communal kitchen.他带我走过通往共用厨房的过道。OPP individual ⇨ own , separate ⇨ particular ▸ communally adverb ◆The property was owned communally.该财产属集体所有。■ cooperative (BrE also co-operative) /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv; NAmE koʊˈɑːpərətɪv/ [usually before noun] involving people or groups doing sth together or working together towards a shared aim 合作的；协作的；同心协力的◆Cooperative activity is essential to effective community work.要把社区工作做好，协作活动是必不可少的。◆This is a cooperative venture with the University of Copenhagen.这是与哥本哈根大学的一个合作项目。 famous adjective famous ♦︎ historic ♦︎ well known ♦︎ prominent ♦︎ public ♦︎ legendary ♦︎ renowned ♦︎ famed ♦︎ glorious ♦︎ celebratedThese words all describe people, places or things that are known about and often liked or admired by many people. 这些词均表示著名的、出名的、享有盛名的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆famous / well known / prominent / renowned / famed / celebrated as sb◆famous / well known / legendary / renowned / famed / celebrated for sth◆a famous / historic / well-known / prominent / legendary / glorious / celebrated name◆a famous / historic / well-known / prominent / public / legendary / renowned figure◆a famous / well-known / prominent / renowned / celebrated writer / author / actor / architect / artist / collection◆a famous / well-known / prominent politician / personality◆a famous / well-known / renowned brand◆very famous / well known / prominent / celebrated◆justly famous / renowned / famed / celebrated◆internationally famous / renowned / celebrated■ famous known about by a lot of people 著名的；出名的◆He became a world-famous conductor.他成为世界著名的指挥家。◆Loch Ness is probably the most famous lake in Scotland.尼斯湖大概是苏格兰最有名的湖。◆One day, I'll be rich and famous.总有一天我会名成利就。◆So this is the famous dress!(= the one we have heard a lot about but have not seen) 这就是那条传说中的连衣裙吧！ see also fame ⇨ fame ▸ famously adverb ◆the words he famously uttered on his deathbed他著名的临终遗言■ historic important in history; likely to be thought of as important at some time in the future 历史上著名（或重要）的；可名垂青史的◆a historic building / monument有历史意义的建筑／纪念碑◆The area is of special historic interest.这一地区有特殊的历史意义。◆The party has won a historic victory at the polls.该党在选举投票中赢得了历史性的胜利。 see also ancient ⇨ old 1 ■ ˌwell ˈknown known about by a lot of people 著名的；出名的◆She's married to a well-known actor, whose name I've forgotten.她嫁给了一个名演员，他的名字我想不起来了。◆His books are not well known.他写的书不太出名。ⓘ Remember to use a hyphen when well known comes before the noun. * well known用在名词前时中间一定要加连字符。■ prominent / /ˈprɒmɪnənt; NAmE ˈprɑːmɪnənt/ (rather formal, especially written) important or well known 重要的；著名的；杰出的◆A number of prominent politicians made public statements supporting the change.几位著名政治家发表公开声明，支持变革。◆He played a prominent part in the campaign.他在这次运动中发挥了重要作用。◆She was prominent in the fashion industry.她曾在时装界名噪一时。ⓘ Prominent is often used to talk about people in politics and business. * prominent常用以描述政界和商界人士。 see also prominence ⇨ fame ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ great 2 and ⇨ top adj. 另见great条第2义和top形容词词条■ public known to people in general 人人皆知的；公开的◆She entered public life (= started a job in which she became known to the public) at the age of 23.她23岁时开始成为公众人物。◆Details of the government report have not yet been made public.政府报告的细节尚未公布。 OPP private ⇨ secret 1 see also public figure ⇨ star 1 ■ legendary /ˈledʒəndri; NAmE ˈledʒənderi/ very famous and talked about a lot by people, especially in a way that shows admiration 非常著名的；享有盛名的；富传奇色彩的◆We once received a visit from the legendary Orson Welles.我们曾接待过大名鼎鼎的奥森•韦尔斯。◆Her patience and tact are legendary.她的耐心与得体的应对是出了名的。ⓘ Legendary is often used to talk about people who are dead or old, but who are still talked about and admired. * legendary常用以描述人们津津乐道且敬仰的逝者或老人。 see also legend ⇨ star 1 ■ renowned /rɪˈnaʊnd/ / (especially written) famous and respected 享有美名的；受推崇的◆We asked for advice from the renowned legal expert, Sam Pincher.我们咨询了著名的法律专家萨姆•平彻。◆It is renowned as one of the region's best restaurants.这是本地区最好的餐厅之一。◆She is renowned for her patience.她的耐心是出了名的。ⓘ A person who is renowned is respected because they do their job very well, or because they have a special skill or ability. A place that is renowned is respected because it provides a service of a very high standard. * renowned指人因工作出色或有特殊技能而受尊敬，也指地方因提供某种高水准的服务而著名。■ famed (written) (of a person or place) known about by many people, especially for a special quality that they have （人或地方因具有某种特质）著名的◆As a player she was famed for her grace and artistry, as well as her success.作为演奏家，她以优雅和技巧以及所取得的成功而闻名。◆The movie was filmed in the famed Blue Ridge Mountains, possibly the last forested wilderness in the United States.这部电影是在著名的蓝岭山脉拍摄的，那里可能是美国仅存的一处林木覆盖的荒野了。 see also fame ⇨ fame ■ glorious [usually before noun] (formal) deserving or bringing great fame and success 值得称道的；光荣的；荣耀的◆We congratulate you on this glorious victory.我们祝贺你取得了这一辉煌的胜利。◆This is a glorious chapter in our country's history.这是我国历史上光辉的一页。ⓘ Glorious is used especially in historical or political literature. * glorious尤用于历史或政治文献中。 see also glory ⇨ status ■ celebrated / /ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/ / [usually before noun] (written) famous for having good qualities 著名的；闻名的；驰名的◆He is one of France's most celebrated painters.他是法国最著名的画家之一。◆'The Kiss' is one of Rodin's most celebrated works.《吻》是罗丹最有名的作品之一。ⓘ Celebrated is often used to talk about people who are successful in the arts, as well as their works. * celebrated常用以描述成功的艺术家及其作品◆a celebrated artist / painter / sculptor / poet / novelist / actor / actress / painting / work / poem / novel著名的艺术家／画家／雕塑家／诗人／小说家／男演员／女演员／画作／作品／诗篇／小说 see also celebrity ⇨ fame social adjective social ♦︎ public ♦︎ popular ♦︎ civicThese words all describe things connected with society and ordinary people. 这些词均表示社会的、公众的、平民的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆social / public / popular awareness / pressure / support / unrest◆social / public / civic responsibility◆social / public issues / values / policy / welfare◆public / popular opinion◆a public / popular outcry■ social [only before noun] connected with society and the way it is organized; connected with your position in society 社会的；社会上的；社会地位的◆social changes / problems社会变革／问题◆Applicants should have a degree in the social sciences (= the study of people in society).申请者应有社科学位。◆The study found that health was strongly affected by social class.研究发现，人的健康状况深受其所属社会阶层的影响。▸ socially adverb ◆The reforms will bring benefits, socially and politically.这些改革将会给社会与政治带来益处。◆a socially disadvantaged family (= one that is poor and from a low social class) 社会地位低下的家庭■ public [only before noun] connected with ordinary people in society in general 平民的；公众的；百姓的◆Levels of waste from the factory may be a danger to public health.工厂的废弃物排放量可能危及公众的健康。◆Why would the closure of hospitals be in the public interest (= useful to ordinary people)?关闭医院怎么会符合公共利益呢？■ popular [only before noun] connected with ordinary people in society in general 平民的；公众的；百姓的◆They won the largest share of the popular vote.他们赢得了普选的最多数票。◆The regime was overthrown by a popular uprising.该政权是被平民暴动推翻的。▸ popularly adverb ◆a popularly elected government民选政府NOTE 辨析 Public or popular?In many cases you can use either word. 在许多情况下这两个词可以通用◆public / popular pressure / awareness / opinion公众压力／意识／意见 Popular usually describes sth, such as an idea or action, which comes from ordinary people. * popular通常描述普通人的观点或行动◆popular support公众支持◆a popular movement / uprising平民运动／暴动 Public is more general and can also describe things which are for, about or involve everyone. * public含义更广，也可描述与每个人都息息相关的事情◆public health公众健康◆the public interest公共利益 ■ civic / /ˈsɪvɪk/ / [usually before noun] (rather formal) connected with the people who live in a town or city 市民的；城镇居民的◆The competition would be an opportunity to foster civic pride (= pride that people feel for their town or city).这次比赛将是培养市民自豪感的好机会。◆Voting should be a matter of civic duty.选举应该是市民的义务。 market1 noun the Japanese market 日本市场a street market 街头集市market ♦︎ audience ♦︎ public ♦︎ clienteleThese are all words for a particular area, country or section of the population that buy, or might buy, goods. 这些词均表示商品的销售地、行销地区、消费群体。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a market / an audience for sth◆a wide market / audience / public / clientele◆a / an large / small / international market / audience / clientele◆to serve a market / an audience / the ...public / a clientele◆to reach a market / an audience / a wide public◆to attract / build up a market / an audience / clientele◆to establish a market / an audience■ market [countable] a particular area, country or section of the population that might buy goods 商品的销售地；行销地区；消费群体◆The jacket is designed for the Japanese market.这款夹克衫是为日本市场设计的。◆They supply beef to the domestic market.他们为国内市场供应牛肉。ⓘ The market [singular] is also the economic system in which prices and the supply of goods are controlled by the way and how much people buy. * the market亦可指商品价格及其供应受人们的购买方式和购买量支配的经济体制◆The market will decide if the TV station has any future.这一电视台是否有前途将取决于市场。◆We now have an unprotected, market-led economy.我们现在的经济体制不受保护，由市场引导。The market can also be the number of people who want to buy sth. * market也可指有意购买者的人数。 see also market ⇨ demand noun ■ audience [countable] a number of people or a particular group of people who watch, read or listen to the same thing （同一事物的）观众，读者，听众◆An audience of millions watched the wedding on TV.数百万观众通过电视观看了婚礼。◆The target audience for this advertisement was mainly teenagers.这个广告的对象主要是青少年。 see also audience ⇨ audience ■ public [singular + singular or plural verb] a group of people who share a particular interest or who are involved in the same activity 志趣相同（或从事同一类活动）的群体◆The show drew 12% of the viewing public.这个节目吸引了12%的收视群体。◆She knows how to keep her public (= for example, the people who buy her books) satisfied.她知道如何迎合受众的兴趣。ⓘ In this meaning public often follows an adjective describing a particular activity. 表达此义时，public前面常有一个描述特定活动的形容词◆the book-buying / reading / sporting / theatre-going / travelling / viewing public爱买书／爱阅读／爱运动／爱看戏／爱旅游的群体；收视群体 ■ clientele /ˌkliːənˈtel; NAmE ˌklaɪənˈtel/ [singular + singular or plural verb] all the customers or clients of a shop, restaurant or organization （统称）顾客，主顾，客户◆The facilities appeal to an international clientele.这些设施对国际客户群具有吸引力。 see also client ⇨ customer |