strain noun ⇨pressure1 (a strain on your finances)⇨weight (break under the strain)strain verb ⇨filter (strain off excess liquid)⇨injure (Don't strain your eyes.)
pressure1
noun
the pressures of work工作压力the pressure to conform守规矩的要求pressure ♦︎ stress ♦︎ tension ♦︎ strain ♦︎ demands ♦︎ heatThese are all words for the feelings of anxiety caused by the problems in sb's life.这些词均表示生活的压力、紧张。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be under pressure / stress / strain◆pressure / stress / demands / heat on sb◆considerable pressure / stress / tension / strain / demands◆social / economic / financial pressure / stress / demands◆to cause stress / tension / strain◆to cope with the pressure / stress / tension / strain / demands◆to deal with / handle the pressure / stress / tension / demands◆to relieve / release the pressure / stress / tension / strain◆to feel the pressure / tension / strain / heat◆to take the pressure / strain / heat◆to suffer from stress / tension■pressure [uncountable] ( pressures [plural]) difficulties and feelings of anxiety that are caused by the need to achieve sth or to behave in a particular way心理压力；紧张◆She was unable to attend because of the pressure of work.由于工作紧张，她不能出席。◆How can anyone enjoy the pressures of city life?怎么会有人喜欢都市生活的压力呢？ see also under pressure ⇨ tense■stress [uncountable, countable, usually plural] pressure or anxiety caused by the problems in sb's life精神压力；心理负担；紧张◆emotional / mental stress情绪／精神压力◆stress-related illnesses与精神压力有关的疾病◆Stress is often a factor in the development of long-term sickness.压力常常是患上慢性病的一个原因。◆She failed to withstand the stresses and strains of public life.她忍受不了公众人物生活的紧张和压力。 see also stressful ⇨ stressful, stressed ⇨ tenseNOTE辨析 Pressure or stress?It is common to say that sb is suffering from stress; pressure may be the thing that causes stress.经常说suffer from stress，pressure也许是引发stress的原因。■tension [uncountable, countable, usually plural] a feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax（情绪上的）紧张，烦躁◆She was suffering from nervous tension.她当时神经紧张。◆Walking and swimming are excellent for releasing tensions.散步和游泳能很好地放松紧张情绪。 see also tense ⇨ stressful, tense ⇨ tense■strain [uncountable, countable] pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces压力；重负；重压之下出现的问题（或担忧、焦虑）◆Their marriage is under great strain at the moment.眼下他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。◆These repayments are putting a strain on our finances.偿还这些债务对我们的财务状况造成压力。◆Relax, and let us take the strain(= do things for you).别担心，我们来帮你分担一下压力。 see also strained ⇨ stressful, strained ⇨ tense■demands [plural] things that sb/sth makes you do, especially things that are difficult or make you tired or worried（尤指困难或使人劳累、令人烦恼的）要求◆the demands of children / work照顾孩子／工作中的累人的事◆Flying makes enormous demands on pilots.飞行驾驶对飞行员要求很高。■heat [uncountable] (ratherinformal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) pressure on sb to do or achieve sth压力；逼迫◆The heat is on now that the election is only a week away.离选举只有一个星期了，大家开始感觉到有压力了。◆Can she take the heat of this level of competition?她承受得了这种水平的比赛的压力吗？
weight
noun
weight ♦︎ pressure ♦︎ strain ♦︎ stress ♦︎ load ♦︎ mass ♦︎ densityThese are all words for how heavy sth is or how much it presses on sth else.这些词均表示重量、压力。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆under the weight / pressure / strain / stress / load◆(a) heavy weight / pressure / strain / load◆(a / an) considerable / enormous / great / immense weight / pressure / strain / stress◆high / low pressure / stress / density◆to put weight / pressure / strain / stress on sth◆to bear the weight / strain / stress / load◆to take the weight / strain / stress■weight [uncountable, countable] how heavy sb/sth is; the fact of being heavy; an object that is heavy重量；重；重物◆It is about 76 kilos in weight.这东西重约76公斤。◆Bananas are sold by weight.香蕉按重量出售。◆I just hoped the branch would take my weight.我只是希望树枝经得住我的体重。◆Don't put any weight on that ankle(= don't stand on it) for at least a week.至少一个星期内别让那只脚踝受力。◆The doctor said he should not lift heavy weights.医生说他不应提重物。ⓘ Weight is also used to talk about people becoming heavier/fatter or lighter/thinner. * weight还可用来表示人变重、变胖或变轻、变瘦◆She is trying to lose weight(= become less heavy and less fat).她正设法减肥。◆He's put on / gained weight(= become heavier and fatter) since he gave up smoking.他戒烟后体重增加了。◆Sam has a weight problem(= is too fat).萨姆太胖了。◆No more for me. I need to watch my weight.我不再吃了，我得控制体重。▸weigh
verb
[transitive] ◆How much do you weigh(= how heavy are you)?你有多重？◆She weighs 60 kilos.她体重60公斤。◆These cases weigh a ton(= are very heavy).这些箱子重得很。◆He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.他在浴室磅秤上称体重。■pressure [uncountable, countable] the force or weight with which sth presses against sth else; the force produced by a particular amount of gas or liquid in an enclosed space压力；压强◆The nurse applied pressure to his arm to stop the bleeding.护士压住他的胳膊止血。◆The door swung open beneath the gentle pressure of Jill's hand.吉尔用手轻轻一推，门就开了。◆air / water pressure气压；水压◆Check the tyre pressure(= the amount of air in a tyre) regularly.要定期检查轮胎气压。◆She suffers from high blood pressure.她有高血压。▸press
verb
[transitive, intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) ◆She pressed her lips together.她紧抿着双唇。◆He pressed up closer against the wall.他往墙上贴得更紧了。■strain [uncountable, countable] (oftendisapproving) the pressure that is put on sth when a physical force stretches, pushes or pulls it, especially when this pressure is too great（尤指过强的）拉力，压力，张力◆The rope broke under the strain.绳子拉断了。◆You should try not to place too much strain on muscles and joints.你应尽量不要让肌肉和关节太受力。▸strain
verb
[intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) ◆The dogs were straining at the leash.几条狗用力拽着皮带。■stress [uncountable, countable] pressure put on sth that can damage it or make it lose its shape压力；应力；承受力◆When you have an injury you start putting stress on other parts of your body.一旦受伤，你就会让身体其他部位受力。◆a stress fracture of the foot(= one caused by such pressure)足部应力骨折◆Engineers calculated the stresses borne by each of the bridge supports.工程师计算出桥的每根支柱所承受的压力。NOTE辨析 Pressure, strain or stress?Pressure can be heavy, firm, gentle or light. Strain and stress usually suggest that there is too much pressure. Strain is used especially when things are pulled or stretched. Pressure and stress are used more when things are pressed. Stress is often used to talk about pressure on parts of the body, or in buildings and other structures. * pressure可以用heavy、firm、gentle或light形容。strain和stress通常指压力过大。strain尤指拉力或张力。pressure和stress较多指压力。stress常指身体部位、建筑物或其他结构的承受力。■load [countable, usually singular] the amount of weight that is pressing down on sth承载量；负荷◆Be careful not to demolish a load-bearing wall.小心别损坏承重墙。◆Modern backpacks spread the load over a wider area.新式背包把承重量分散在更大的面积上。■mass [uncountable] (physics物理) the quantity of material that sth contains质量◆calculating the mass of a planet计算一颗行星的质量ⓘ In non-technical language weight is used for this meaning.在非专业用语中，用weight表示此义。■density [countable, uncountable] (physics物理) how heavy a solid, liquid or gas is in relation to its size or volume（固体、液体或气体的）密度◆similar stars of the same mass and density质量和密度相同的类似恒星◆Vitamin D deficiency causes a loss of bone density.缺乏维生素D会导致骨密度下降。ⓘ Density is measured by dividing the mass of sth by its volume. * density等于质量除以体积。
filter
verb
filter ♦︎ purify ♦︎ refine ♦︎ strain ♦︎ sieve ♦︎ siftThese words all mean to separate sth from sth else, especially a solid from a liquid or larger solids from smaller solids.这些词均表示过滤、筛。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to filter / strain / sieve / sift sth into sth◆to filter / strain / sieve sth through sth◆to filter / purify air / water◆to refine / sieve / sift sugar◆to sieve / sift flour◆to be finely sieved / sifted■filter [transitive] to pass a substance or light through a special device, especially to remove sth that is not wanted过滤（物质或光线）◆All drinking water must be filtered.所有饮用水必须经过过滤。◆Use a sunblock that filters UVA effectively.使用能有效滤掉长波紫外线的防晒霜。◆The air was improving as the recyclers filtered out the smoke.由于循环净化器过滤掉了烟雾，空气质量正在改善。■purify / /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ; NAmEˈpjʊrɪfaɪ/ [transitive] to make sth pure by removing substances that are dirty, harmful or not wanted使洁净；净化◆One tablet will purify a litre of water in 10 minutes.一片即可在10分钟内净化1升水。◆House plants can help to purify the air.室内盆栽有助于净化空气。▸purification /ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃn; NAmEˌpjʊrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
noun
[uncountable] ◆a water purification plant滤水厂■refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ / [transitive] to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it, especially as part of an industrial process精炼，提炼，去除杂质（尤指作为一道工序）◆The process of refining oil produces several useful chemicals.炼油的过程会产生几种有用的化学品。■strain [transitive] to pour food or another substance through sth with very small holes in it, for example a sieve, in order to separate the solid part from the liquid part滤，滤掉（多余的水分）◆Use a colander to strain the vegetables.把蔬菜放在滤器里控控水。◆Strain off any excess liquid.滤掉多余的水分。■sieve / /sɪv/ / [transitive] to put sth through a sieve筛；过筛；滤◆Liquidize or sieve half the soup and return it to the pot.把一半的汤打成浓汁或者滤一下，再倒回锅里。ⓘ A sieve is a tool for separating solids from liquids or larger solids from smaller solids, made of a wire or plastic net attached to a ring. The liquid or small pieces pass through the net but the larger pieces do not. * sieve指筛子、笊篱、漏勺等滤器。■sift [transitive] to put flour, sugar or some other fine substance through a sieve or sifter筛（面粉、糖或其他颗粒较细的物质）◆Sift the flour, baking powder and salt into a bowl.把面粉、发酵粉和盐筛到碗里。ⓘ In American English a sifter is a small sieve used especially for sifting flour.在美式英语中，sifter尤指面粉筛子。
injure
verb
injure ♦︎ wound ♦︎ hurt ♦︎ bruise ♦︎ maim ♦︎ sprain ♦︎ pull ♦︎ tear ♦︎ twist ♦︎ strainThese words all mean to harm yourself or sb else physically, especially in an accident.这些词均表示使身体受伤，尤指因事故而致。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to injure / hurt / strain yourself◆to injure / hurt / sprain / pull / tear / strain a muscle◆to injure / hurt / sprain / twist your ankle / foot / knee◆to injure / hurt / sprain your wrist / hand◆to injure / hurt / strain your back / shoulder / eyes◆to injure / hurt your spine / neck◆to be badly injured / wounded / hurt / bruised / maimed / sprained / torn◆to be severely injured / wounded / hurt / bruised / sprained◆to be seriously injured / wounded / hurt / bruised◆to be slightly injured / wounded / hurt / bruised / sprained◆to accidentally injure / wound / hurt sb / sth■injure [transitive] to harm yourself or sb else physically, especially in an accident（尤指在事故中）伤害，使受伤◆He injured his knee playing hockey.他打曲棍球时膝盖受了伤。◆Three people were killed and five injured in the crash.撞车事故中有三人死亡，五人受伤。◆She injured herself during training.她在训练时受了伤。■wound / /wuːnd/ / [transitive, often passive] (ratherformal) to injure part of the body, especially by making a hole in the skin using a weapon使（身体部位）受伤；（尤指用武器）伤害◆He was wounded in the arm.他手臂受了伤。◆About 50 people were seriously wounded in the attack.约有50人在袭击中受了重伤。ⓘ Wound is often used to talk about people being hurt in war or in other attacks which affect a lot of people. * wound常指在战争中或在波及许多人的其他袭击中使人受伤。■hurt(hurt, hurt) [transitive, intransitive] to cause physical pain to sb/yourself; to injure sb/yourself使疼痛；伤害◆He hurt his back playing squash.他打壁球时背部受了伤。◆Did you hurt yourself?你伤着自己了吗？◆Stop it. You're hurting me.住手，你弄疼我了。◆My back is really hurting me today.我今天背疼得厉害。◆Strong light hurts my eyes.强光刺痛我的眼睛。◆My shoes hurt－they're too tight.我的鞋子太紧，穿着夹脚。 see also hurt ⇨ hurtverb2NOTE辨析 Hurt or injure?You can hurt or injure a part of the body in an accident. Hurt emphasizes the physical pain caused; injure emphasizes that the part of the body has been damaged in some way.在事故中使身体受伤用hurt或injure均可，hurt强调身体疼痛，injure强调身体部位受到某种损伤。■bruise / /bruːz/ / [transitive, intransitive] to make a blue, brown or purple mark (a bruise) appear on the skin after sb has fallen or been hit; to develop a bruise（使）出现瘀伤；撞伤；摔伤◆She had slipped and badly bruised her face.她滑了一跤，摔得鼻青脸肿。◆Careful: I bruise easily.小心，我很容易受瘀伤。▸bruising
noun
[uncountable] ◆ (ratherformal) She suffered severe bruising, but no bones were broken.她挫伤严重，但骨头没断。■maim [transitive] (ratherformal) to injure sb seriously, causing permanent damage to their body使残废；使受（永久性）伤害◆Hundreds of people are killed or maimed in car accidents every week.每周都有数百人因车祸而丧生或致残。■sprain [transitive] to injure part of your body, especially your ankle, wrist or knee, by suddenly bending it in an awkward way, causing pain and swelling扭伤（踝、腕、膝）◆I stumbled and sprained my ankle.我摔了一跤，扭伤了脚踝。▸sprain
noun
[countable] ◆a bad ankle sprain踝关节严重扭伤■pull [transitive] to injure a muscle, etc., by stretching it too much拉伤，扭伤（肌肉等）◆She has pulled her Achilles tendon.她拉伤了跟腱。■tear /teə(r); NAmEter/ (tore, torn) [transitive] to injure a muscle, etc., by stretching it too much拉伤，扭伤（肌肉等）◆She's torn a ligament in her right hand.她右手的一处韧带拉伤了。NOTE辨析 Pull or tear?To pull or tear a muscle is basically the same action, but a torn muscle is more badly injured than a pulled muscle: the injury or tear goes further across the muscle. You can talk about a badly torn muscle but not◆a badly pulled muscle * pull a muscle和tear a muscle意思基本相同，均指拉伤、扭伤肌肉，但a torn muscle的伤势比a pulled muscle严重，撕裂的部分（亦称tear）更大。可以说a badly torn muscle（严重拉伤的肌肉），但不说 a badly pulled muscle。■twist [transitive] to suddenly bend a part of your body, especially your ankle, wrist or knee, in an awkward way, causing an injury that involves pain and swelling扭伤（踝、腕、膝）◆She fell and twisted her ankle.她摔了一下，把脚崴了。NOTE辨析 Sprain or twist?A sprain is an injury to your ankle, wrist or knee that causes pain and swelling; to sprain your ankle/wrist/knee is to injure it in this way. To twist your ankle/wrist/knee is to do the action(= to suddenly bend it in an awkward way)that causes the injury. * sprain作名词表示踝、腕、膝的扭伤。sprain作动词时可后接ankle/wrist/knee，表示对这些部位造成扭伤。动词twist也可后接ankle/wrist/knee，表示造成扭伤的动作。■strain [transitive] to injure yourself or part of your body by making it work too hard使劳损；拉伤；扭伤◆Don't strain your eyes by reading in poor light.别在光线差的地方看书以免眼睛过度疲劳。◆Are you sure you can carry all that? Don't strain yourself.你真提得了那么多东西吗？别把自己弄伤了。▸strain
noun
[countable, uncountable] ◆a calf / groin / leg strain腿肚子／腹股沟／腿部拉伤◆muscle strain肌肉劳损