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material noun
⇨ material (building materials) ⇨ equipment (cleaning/teaching materials) ⇨ fabric (a piece of material) ⇨ information (collect material for a novel)material adj.
⇨ relevant material noun material ♦︎ substance ♦︎ chemical ♦︎ gas ♦︎ liquid ♦︎ fluid ♦︎ stuff ♦︎ matter ♦︎ solid ♦︎ elementThese are all words for sth from which other things are made. 这些词均表示材料、原料、物质。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a natural material / substance / chemical / gas◆a chemical substance / element◆organic material / substances / chemicals / liquid / matter / elements◆radioactive material / substances / chemicals / gas / liquid / matter / elements◆a toxic material / substance / chemical / gas / liquid / element◆a flammable material / substance / gas / liquid◆(a) sticky substance / stuff / liquid / fluid / solid◆waste material / chemicals / gas / matter■ material [countable, uncountable] something that things can be made from 材料；原料◆Toxic chemicals and other materials have been found.已查出有毒化学品和其他原料。◆There were bricks, sand and other building materials in the courtyard.院子里有砖、沙子和其他建筑材料。◆Oil is the raw material for plastic.石油是生产塑料的原料。■ substance [countable] a material that has particular qualities 物质；物品◆Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the brain.精神药物是作用于大脑的化学物质。◆Substances can be divided into elements, compounds and mixtures.物质可分为元素、化合物和混合物。■ chemical [countable] a substance obtained by or used in a chemical process (= a process that involves changes to molecules or atoms) 化学制品；化学品◆This chemical is often used to make cleaning products.这种化学品常用来制作清洁产品。◆Hormones are chemicals that are released in the body and control many important functions.激素是体内释放的化学物质，调控很多重要的机能。■ gas [countable, uncountable] any substance like air that is neither a solid nor a liquid, for example hydrogen or oxygen 气体◆Air is a mixture of gases.空气为混合气体。◆Producing methane gas from organic waste is another extremely practical use of resources.利用有机废物生产沼气是另一种极为切实可行的利用资源的方法。■ liquid [countable, uncountable] a substance that flows freely and is not a solid or a gas, for example water or oil 液体◆She offered me a cup containing a dark brown liquid.她递给我一杯深棕色的液体。◆As the air became warmer the droplets of liquid turned to invisible water vapour.随着空气变热，液滴转化成看不见的水蒸气。▸ liquid adjective ◆Water is liquid at room temperature.水在室温下是液态的。◆The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen.这些样本冷冻在液态氮中。OPP solid ⇨ solid ■ fluid / /ˈfluːɪd/ / [countable, uncountable] (formal or technical 术语) a liquid; a substance that can flow 液体；流体；液◆The doctor told him to drink plenty of fluids.医生嘱咐他多喝流质。◆The attacker's DNA pattern was identified from a sample of body fluid.袭击者的DNA图谱从体液样本中鉴定了出来。ⓘ Although a fluid is usually a liquid, it can be any substance which can flow, for example a gas or a liquid containing small solid pieces. 尽管fluid通常是liquid，但也有可能是任何流动的物质，如气体或含小块固体的液体。■ stuff [uncountable] (informal) used to refer to a substance or material when you do not know the name, when the name is not important or when it is obvious what you are talking about （用于事物名称不详、无关紧要或所指事物明显时）东西，物品，玩意儿◆What's all that sticky stuff on the carpet?地毯上那黏糊糊的都是什么玩意儿？◆The chairs were covered in some sort of plastic stuff.那些椅子包了某种塑料膜。◆This wine is good stuff.这酒不错。◆ (disapproving) I don't know how you can eat that stuff.我不明白你怎么能吃那种东西。 see also stuff ⇨ thing 3 , thing ⇨ thing 2 ■ matter [uncountable] (formal or physics 物理) a substance or things of a particular sort; physical substance in general that everything in the world consists of; not mind or spirit （某种）东西，物品，材料；（统称）物质◆The soil is rich in organic matter.这里的土壤富含有机物。◆She didn't approve of their choice of reading matter.她不赞同他们挑选的阅读材料。◆The behaviour of matter can be quantified by measures such as weight.物质的特性可以用重量等度量单位来作量化描述。■ solid [countable] a substance or object that is hard or firm, not a liquid or gas 固体◆Is calcium carbonate normally a solid or a liquid?碳酸钙在通常情况下是固体还是液体？◆The baby is not yet on solids (= eating solid food).那婴儿还不能吃固体食物。 see also solid ⇨ solid adj. ■ element [countable] (chemistry 化学) a simple chemical substance that consists of atoms of only one type and cannot be split by chemical means into a simpler substance. Gold, oxygen and carbon are all elements. 元素（如金、氧、碳）◆All chemical substances, whether elements, compounds or mixtures, are made up of three types of particles.所有化学物质，无论是元素、化合物还是混合物，都由三种粒子构成。 equipment noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ thing 3 另见thing条第3义equipment ♦︎ material ♦︎ gear ♦︎ kit ♦︎ apparatus ♦︎ hardware ♦︎ tackleThese are all words for the things that you need for a particular purpose or activity. 这些词均表示设备、器材。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆basic equipment / materials / kit / apparatus / hardware◆state-of-the-art / up-to-date / the latest equipment / gear / kit / hardware◆electronic / electrical equipment / gear / apparatus / hardware◆laboratory equipment / apparatus / hardware◆to have the right equipment / materials / gear / kit / apparatus / hardware◆to use the equipment / materials / gear / kit / apparatus / hardware◆a piece of equipment / apparatus■ equipment [uncountable] the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity 设备；器材◆We loaded the camping equipment into the car.我们把野营用品装上了车。◆The plane uses state-of-the-art navigation equipment.这架飞机使用的是最先进的导航设备。■ material [countable, usually plural, uncountable] things that are needed for a particular activity （某一活动所需的）材料，用品◆You have to buy your own art materials.你得自己买美工材料。◆Many household cleaning materials are highly toxic.许多家用清洁用品都有剧毒。◆We usually produce our own teaching material.我们通常自行编写教材。NOTE 辨析 Equipment or material? Equipment is usually solid things, especially large ones. Materials may be liquids, powders or books or tapes containing information, as well as small solid items. * equipment通常指体积大的固体器材，material则可以是液体、粉末，或是含有信息的书、录音带，也可以是体积小的固体材料。■ gear / /gɪə(r); NAmE gɪr/ [uncountable] the equipment or clothes needed for a particular activity （某一活动所需的）设备，用具，衣服◆Skiing gear can be expensive.滑雪用具可能非常昂贵。 see also gear ⇨ clothes ■ kit [countable, uncountable] a set of tools or equipment that you use for a particular purpose 成套工具；成套设备◆a first-aid kit急救箱◆a tool kit工具箱◆a wine-making kit一套葡萄酒造酒设备◆They left most of their kit at the camp.他们大部分装备都留在了营地。ⓘ In British English, kit can also be the clothes that you wear for a particular activity. 在英式英语中，kit还可以指进行特定活动的装束。■ apparatus /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/ / [uncountable] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task 仪器；器材；装置◆The firefighters had to use breathing apparatus.消防队员需要用呼吸器。◆Science departments say they are lacking basic apparatus.理科系说他们缺少最基本的仪器。ⓘ Apparatus is used especially for scientific, medical or technical purposes. * apparatus尤指有科学、医学或技术用途的仪器。■ hardware /ˈhɑːdweə(r); NAmE ˈhɑːrdwer/ [uncountable] tools and equipment that are used in the house and garden （家庭及园艺用）工具，设备，五金制品◆a hardware store五金店ⓘ Hardware in this meaning is usually used in relation to shops that buy and sell such equipment. In technical language hardware is also weapons and other military equipment and vehicles. 表达此义时，hardware通常用来表示买卖这类器材的商店。在专业用语中，hardware还指包括武器、器械、车辆等在内的军用设备◆ (technical 术语) The cargo consisted entirely of military hardware－rifles, machine guns, hand grenades and rockets.这批货全都是军用物资，包括步枪、机关枪、手榴弹和火箭炮。 ■ tackle [uncountable] the equipment used to do a particular sport or activity, especially fishing 用具；体育器材；（尤指）渔具◆You can hire bait and fishing tackle from the outdoor centre.你可以在户外活动中心租用鱼饵和渔具。 fabric noun fabric ♦︎ cloth ♦︎ material ♦︎ textileThese are all words for woven or knitted cotton, silk, wool, etc., used for making things such as clothes and curtains, and for covering furniture. 这些词均表示织物、布料。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆fine / quality fabric / cloth / material / textiles◆beautiful / rich / coarse / soft / thick / thin fabric / cloth / material◆woven / cotton / woollen fabric / cloth / material / textiles◆synthetic fabric / material / textiles◆printed fabric / cloth / textiles◆furnishing / curtain / dress fabric / material◆to make / produce / weave / dye fabric / cloth / textiles◆a length / piece / strip / roll / scrap of fabric / cloth / material■ fabric [uncountable, countable] woven or knitted cotton, silk, wool, etc., used for making things such as clothes and curtains, and for covering furniture （制作衣服、窗帘、家具套等的）织物，布料◆They sell a wide variety of printed cotton fabric.他们出售多种印花棉布料。◆We manufacture quality furnishing fabrics.我们生产优质室内装饰织品。ⓘ Fabric is often fairly strong material, and is often used when talking about covering furniture or making curtains. * fabric常指相当结实的织物，常用来铺盖在家具上或制作窗帘。■ cloth [uncountable] fabric made by weaving or knitting cotton, wool, silk, etc. 织物；布料◆They used to export cotton cloth.他们以前是做棉布出口的。◆His bandages had been made from strips of cloth.他的绷带是用布条做的。ⓘ Cloth is often fairly light material, especially in a form that has not been printed, treated, or prepared for use in any way. * cloth常指相当轻薄的布料，尤其是未经印染或加工处理过的布料 ◆dress/curtain/furnishing cloth Cloth is frequently used in talking about buying and selling woven material. 表示买卖织物时常用cloth。 ■ material [uncountable, countable] fabric used for making clothes, curtains, etc. （制作衣服、窗帘等的）织物，布料◆You'll need a piece of material about 20 cm square.你将需要一块20厘米见方的布料。◆'What material is this dress made of?' 'Cotton.'“这件连衣裙是用什么料子做的？”“棉布。”ⓘ Material is a more general word than fabric or cloth as it has the related meaning of 'a substance that things can be made from'. It is not used when it might not be clear which type of material is meant. * material另有与此义相关的“材料、原料”之义，因而较fabric和cloth含义更广。不清楚是哪种材料时不用material◆furnishing material ◆the material industry/trade ◆a material merchant/mill/manufacturer ■ textile [countable, usually plural] any type of fabric made by weaving or knitting 纺织品◆He owns a factory producing a range of textiles.他拥有一家工厂，生产一系列纺织品。◆They're advertising for a textile designer.他们正公开招聘一名纺织品设计师。ⓘ Textile is used mostly when talking about the business of making woven materials. The industry of making textiles is called textiles. * textile最常用来指生产纺织品的行业。纺织业称作textiles◆He got a job in textiles.他在纺织行业找了个工作。 information noun ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ figure, ⇨ news and ⇨ situation 另见figure条、news条和situation条information ♦︎ data ♦︎ detail ♦︎ fact ♦︎ point ♦︎ material ♦︎ intelligence ♦︎ particular ♦︎ infoThese are all words for things about a situation, person, etc. that you know about, can find out about, or that are true. 这些词均表示信息、资料或实情。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆information / data / a detail / a fact / a point / material / intelligence / particulars / info about / relating to sb / sth◆information / data / material / intelligence / info on sb / sth◆information / intelligence / the fact / the point that...◆(an) important information / data / detail / fact / point / material / intelligence / particular / info◆accurate / precise information / data / details / facts / intelligence / info◆(a) detailed information / data / facts / point / material / intelligence / particulars◆hard information / data / facts / intelligence◆(a / an) further / additional information / data / details / fact / point / material / intelligence / particulars / info◆to have information / data / details / the facts / intelligence / particulars / info◆to collect / gather information / data / details / facts / material / intelligence / info◆to get / receive information / data / details / intelligence / info◆to record information / data / details / facts / info◆to give (sb) information / data / details / the facts / particulars / info◆to provide information / data / details / material / particulars / info◆a piece of information / data / intelligence■ information [uncountable] things that you know, are told, or can find out about sb/sth 信息；消息；情报◆Do you have any information about local buses?你有本地公共汽车的信息吗？◆He is accused of giving false information to the police.他被指控向警方提供假情报。◆Information is stored on their computerized databases.信息存储在他们的电脑数据库里。◆For further information, contact us at the above address.欲知详情，请按上述地址联系我们。◆You can go to the information desk for help.你可以去服务台请求帮助。◆This letter is for information only.这封信仅供参考。 see also inform ⇨ tell 1 ■ data [uncountable] information that has been gathered about sth, especially when it is examined and used to find out things or to make decisions; information that is stored on a computer 数据；资料；（存储在计算机中的）数据资料◆They are not allowed to hold data on people's private finances.他们不得保存有关人们个人财务状况的资料。◆What methods are you using to interpret the data?你用什么方法解读这些数据？◆There is no hard data to support this theory.没有可靠的数据支持这个理论。◆This is just raw data (= data that has not been examined).这只是原始资料。◆One vital item of data was missing.一条极其重要的数据找不到了。ⓘ Data is usually treated as an uncountable noun, but it is used as a plural noun in technical English, when the singular is datum. * data通常用作不可数名词，但作术语时用作复数名词，其单数形式为datum◆ (technical 术语) These data were collected over a period of several months.这些资料是用几个月的时间收集来的。■ detail [countable] a small individual piece of information about what sth is like or what needs to be done; a less important piece of information 细微之处；细节；枝节◆The expedition was planned down to the last detail.这次探险计划得十分周详。◆He stood still, absorbing every detail of his surroundings.他一动不动地站着，不放过周围环境中的每一个细微之处。◆Oh that's just a detail－we can deal with it later.哦，那只是个枝节问题，我们可以以后处理。◆Sharon will fill you in on the details (= tell you them).莎伦会详细告诉你的。ⓘ Details [plural] are information, especially pieces of practical information about a person, event, service, etc. or the complete information about sth that happened. 复数形式的details指详情，尤指关于某人、某个事件、某项服务等的实用性信息或关于发生之事的全部情况◆Our personnel officer will take your details (= take information about you).我们的人事主管会记下你的资料。◆'We had a terrible time.' 'Oh, spare me the details (= I do not want to know all the details)!'“我们倒霉透了。”“哎呀，别给我细说了！” see also detail ⇨ list verb , detailed ⇨ detailed ■ fact [countable] a thing that is known to be true, especially sth that can be proved （可证实的）事实，真相◆First, let's look at some basic facts about healthy eating.首先，咱们看一下关于健康饮食的一些基本事实。◆I've asked to see all the facts and figures before I make a decision.我已要求查看全部精确资料后再作决定。◆I wish you'd get your facts right!我希望你别把事实搞错！◆The judge ordered both lawyers to stick to the facts.法官要求双方律师不要偏离事实。◆It's time you learnt to face the facts (= accept reality).现在该是你学会正视现实的时候了。◆I know for a fact that he's involved in something illegal.我肯定他卷入了非法活动。 see also fact ⇨ fact , factual ⇨ reliable 2 ■ point [countable] a particular detail or fact 具体细节（或事实）◆Here are the main points of the news.以下是新闻摘要。◆Could you explain that point again?你能再解释一下那一点吗？◆There are one or two points that aren't yet clear.有一两点还不清楚。■ material [uncountable] information or ideas used in books, etc. 素材；用以创作的材料（或构想）◆She's collecting material for her next novel.她在为下一部小说收集素材。■ intelligence [uncountable] secret information that is collected about enemies or criminals; the people that collect this information （关于敌人或罪犯的）情报；情报人员◆They had obtained secret intelligence about enemy plans.他们得到了有关敌人计划的秘密情报。◆Intelligence sources (= people who give this information) report that a terrorist attack is highly probable.有消息称恐怖分子极有可能会发动袭击。◆He's head of military intelligence.他是军方情报头目。■ particular [countable, usually plural] (formal) a fact or detail, especially one that is officially written down （尤指正式记下的）细节，详情◆The police officer took down all the particulars of the burglary.警察记下了入室窃案的详细情况。◆The new contract will be the same in every particular as the old one.新合同与旧合同的各项细节将完全相同。ⓘ Particulars [plural] are written information or details about a property, business, job, etc. 复数形式的particulars指关于房产、生意、工作等的书面详细资料◆We asked for the particulars of the house.我们索要了那栋房子的详细资料。 ■ info /ˈɪnfəʊ; NAmE ˈɪnfoʊ/ [uncountable] (informal) information 信息；消息；情报◆Have you had any more info about the job yet?关于这份工作你有进一步的消息吗？ⓘ Info is an informal word, often used to talk about details of sth such as a job, course or event, and often comes in printed form. Info- can also be used as a prefix in words such as infosheet and infopack. * info是非正式用语，常用以指工作、课程或事件等的资料，通常是纸本资料。info-还可用作前缀，构成infosheet（资料单张）和infopack（信息包）等词◆We send all potential clients an infopack.我们给所有潜在的客户都发了信息包。 relevant adjective relevant ♦︎ applicable ♦︎ pertinent ♦︎ to the point ♦︎ materialThese words all describe sth that relates directly to what you are discussing or thinking about, or sth that is directly appropriate to people's lives and work. 这些词均表示紧密相关的、切题的、适宜的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆relevant / applicable / pertinent / material to sb / sth◆relevant / applicable / pertinent / material for sb / sth◆relevant / pertinent to do sth◆a relevant / pertinent / material point / fact / factor◆particularly / directly relevant / applicable / pertinent◆very relevant / pertinent / material◆highly / extremely relevant / pertinent■ relevant / /ˈreləvənt/ / closely connected to the subject or situation that you are discussing or thinking about; having ideas that are useful or valuable to people in their lives and work 紧密相关的；切题的；有意义的◆I don't think that question is really very relevant.我不认为那个问题真的很重要。◆They are looking for someone with relevant experience in childcare.他们在寻找有相关育儿经验的人。◆These comments are not directly relevant to this enquiry.这些意见与这项调查没有直接联系。◆Her novel is still relevant today.她的小说到今天仍有现实意义。OPP irrelevant ⇨ irrelevant ▸ relevance noun [uncountable] ◆I don't see the relevance of your question.我不懂你这个问题有什么意义。◆It's a classic play of contemporary relevance.这是一部在当代仍有价值的古典戏剧。▸ relevantly adverb ◆She has experience in teaching and, more relevantly, in industry.她有教学经验，更重要的是，还有行业经验。■ applicable /əˈplɪkəbl, ˈæplɪkəbl/ [not usually before noun] (rather formal) directly connected with sb/sth; likely to be true of sb/sth 适用；合适◆Many of the questions on the form were not applicable (= did not apply) to me.表格中很多问题对我不适用。◆Give details of children where applicable (= if you have any).如有子女请提供详情。◆His rules are not universally applicable (= they do not apply to everyone or everything).他的规则并非普遍适用。OPP inapplicable ⇨ irrelevant ■ pertinent /ˈpɜːtɪnənt; NAmE ˈpɜːrtnənt/ (formal) relevant to a particular situation 有关的；恰当的；相宜的◆I reminded him of a few pertinent facts.我提醒他几个相关事实。◆Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion.请勿发表与讨论主题无关的言论。■ to the ˈpoint idiom (approving) relevant and expressed in a clear, simple way 简明恰当；简洁中肯◆Her speech was brief and to the point.她的发言简明扼要。◆That remark was not really to the point.那条评论并没有真的说到点子上。 OPP beside the point ⇨ irrelevant see also point ⇨ point noun , concise ⇨ short 3 ■ material (formal or law 法律) important to a particular situation and needing to be considered 重要的；必要的◆She omitted information that was material to the case.她遗漏了此案的重要资料。OPP immaterial ⇨ irrelevant ▸ materially adverb ◆Their comments have not materially affected our plans (= in a noticeable or important way).他们的评价并未对我们的计划产生多重要的影响。 |